Methods of how to cite a source in a paper include Modern Language Association (MLA) in-text parenthetical citations, American Psychological Association (APA)  in-text parenthetical citations, Turabian footnotes, CSE Manual (Scientific Style and Format) and Chicago Manual of Style. RefWorks or EndNote can be used to cite the sources within the text.

1. Citation in MLA                

Full name or last name of author and its number in the list of references are enclosed in parenthesis at the end of the citation.

SINGLE AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES (Nyalego 21)

2 OR MORE AUTHORS                                       (Atieno and Amondi 183)

CORPORATE AUTHOR                              (Nation Newspapers  51)

WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR                                 (“Irrigation Structures” 86)                                                                                                  

BIBLE PASSAGE                                              (King George's Version, Psalms 3)

SECONDARY SOURCE OF A QUOTATION               (qtd. in Odera 67)

WEB PAGE                                                     (Lakeshore Farms 116)

2. Citation in APA

Last name of author, year of publication and page number of the citation are enclosed in parenthesis at the end of the citation.

SINGLE AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES (Nyalego, 2004, p. 230)

2 OR MORE AUTHORS (first citation)                   (Atieno, Abiero, Waya and Amondi, 1991, p.123)

2 OR MORE AUTHORS (subsequent citation)          (Atieno et al., 1991, p.123)

CORPORATE AUTHOR (first citation)           (Kisii Valley Bottom Development Programme [KVDP], 1983, p. 149)

CORPORATE AUTHOR (subsequent citation) ([KVDP], 1983, p. 149)

WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR                                 (“Irrigation Structures”, 2010, p. 35)                                                                                                        

BIBLE PASSAGE                                              (King George's Version, Psalms 3)

WEB PAGE                                                     (Lakeshore Farms, 2010, p. 6, para. 3)

3. Citation in Turabian Footnotes

Number in the list of references, full name of author, title, town where it was published, publishers and year of publication and page number are placed as a footnote. The town, publishers and year of publication are enclosed in parenthesis.

BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR         

First citation                               

21. Getrude Nyalego, Spread of HIV Amongst Married Couples (Nairobi: Liden Publishers, 2004), 230.

Subsequent citation

Nyalego, Spread of HIV Amongst Married Couples, Ibid, 231.

Nyalego, Spread of HIV Amongst Married Couples, Ibid. (if same page consecutively)

BOOK WITH 2 AUTHORS                                   

183. Francess Atieno and Janice Amondi, Herbal Remedies For HIV Symptoms (Kampala: Machar Foundation, 1991), 123.

BOOK WITH MORE THAN 2 AUTHORS

26. Wytze Kooyman, Eat Red Cayenne Pepper and Loose weight (Dar es Salam: Nyerere Foundation, 2008), 49.

CORPORATE AUTHOR                             

51. Kisii Valley Bottom Development Programme, Methods of Spring Protection (Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, 1983), 149.

WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR                                                   

86. “Irrigation Structures” Irrigation Monthly, December 2010, 35-52

SECONDARY SOURCE OF A QUOTATION              

13. Gerald Omondi, Remote Sensing Made Easy (Nairobi: Universal Press, 2001) 67–70; quoted in James Oriare, Topographical Survey (Nairobi: Lake Publishers, 2009) 23-45

WEB PAGE                                                    

116. Lakeshore Farms, Coffee Processing, 15 December 2010, available from http://www.lsfarms.com; Internet; accessed 3 January 2011.

4. Citation in CSE Manual

The CSE Manual has two styles. They are name-year system and citation-sequence system. Name-year system is discussed here because it is similar to MLA and APA. The details of citation-sequence system can be obtained from the internet. In name-year system, last name of author and year of publication are enclosed in parenthesis at the end of the citation.

SINGLE AUTHOR                                              (Nyalego 2004)

2 AUTHORS                                                    (Atieno and Amondi 1991)            

MORE THAN 2 AUTHORS                                    (Kooyman and others 2008)

CORPORATE AUTHOR                              (KVDP 1983)

2 OR MORE WORKS BY SAME AUTHOR IN THE       (Omondi 2010a, 2010b)

SAME YEAR

AUTHOR/AUTHORS NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE (Oriaro 2001) and (Odera 1996, 2003)

5. Chicago Manual of Style

Chicago Manual of Style has very complex rules. Citation styles differ with subjects. The online guide should be consulted for details of how to cite a source in a paper.